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Physics

62 concepts

Simple Harmonic Motion

See one repeating system from displacement to acceleration and back again, with the math tied directly to the motion on screen.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open SHM

Oscillation Energy

Watch kinetic and potential energy trade places in simple harmonic motion while the total stays fixed by amplitude and spring stiffness.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Energy in SHM

Wave Speed and Wavelength

Follow one traveling wave across the same medium and connect crest spacing, travel delay, source timing, and the relation v = f lambda on one honest live stage.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Wave speed

Sound Waves and Longitudinal Motion

See sound as a longitudinal wave by keeping parcel motion, compression and rarefaction, probe timing, and energy transfer tied to one compact medium-first bench.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Sound waves

Pitch, Frequency, and Loudness / Intensity

Keep one compact sound bench while separating pitch from frequency, loudness from amplitude and an amplitude-squared intensity cue, and probe delay from the source sound itself.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Pitch and loudness

Beats

Superpose two nearby sound frequencies, watch the fast carrier sit inside a slower envelope, and connect beat rate to the frequency difference on one compact bench.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Beats

Doppler Effect

Watch a moving sound source compress wavefronts ahead and stretch them behind, then see how source motion and observer motion combine to change the heard pitch on one bounded classical bench.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Doppler effect

Wave Interference

Superpose two coherent sources, trace their path difference to phase difference, and watch bright and dark regions emerge on the same live screen.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Interference

Standing Waves

Track fixed nodes, moving antinodes, and harmonic mode shapes on one live string while the same probe trace shows the underlying oscillation in time.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Standing waves

Resonance in Air Columns / Open and Closed Pipes

Compare open and closed pipe boundary conditions on one compact air column so standing-wave shapes, missing even harmonics, probe motion, and pressure cues stay tied to the same resonance state.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Air-column resonance

Uniform Circular Motion

Track a particle moving at constant speed around a circle and connect radius, angular speed, tangential speed, centripetal acceleration, and the inward-force requirement to the same live state.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open UCM

Damping / Resonance

Explore how damping removes energy, how driving frequency changes amplitude, and why resonance becomes dramatic near the natural frequency.

PhysicsOscillations and Waves

Open Damping

Vectors and Components

Rotate and scale a live vector, decompose it into horizontal and vertical parts, and watch those components drive the same straight-line motion and geometry.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Vectors

Torque

Push on one pivoted bar and see how lever arm distance, force direction, and turning effect stay tied to the same compact rotational bench.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Torque

Static Equilibrium / Centre of Mass

Shift one support region under one loaded plank and see how centre of mass, support reactions, and torque balance decide whether the object stays stable or tips.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Static equilibrium

Rotational Inertia / Moment of Inertia

Keep the same total mass and torque, then slide equal masses inward or outward to see why moment of inertia makes some rotors much harder to spin up than others.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Rotational inertia

Rolling Motion

Roll a sphere, cylinder, hoop, or custom mass distribution down one incline and see how rolling without slipping ties translation, rotation, and rotational inertia to the same honest run.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Rolling motion

Angular Momentum

Treat angular momentum as rotational momentum on one compact rotor where mass radius and spin rate stay tied to the same readouts, response maps, and same-L conservation story.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Angular momentum

Momentum and Impulse

Push one cart with a timed force pulse and watch momentum, impulse, and force-time area stay tied to the same motion, readouts, and graphs.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Momentum / Impulse

Conservation of Momentum

Watch two carts trade momentum through one bounded internal interaction and see the total stay fixed while the individual momenta, velocities, and center-of-mass motion update together.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Momentum conservation

Collisions

Collide two carts on one honest track, keep total momentum in view, and see how elasticity, mass, and incoming speed shape the rebound or stick-together outcome.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Collisions

Projectile Motion

Launch a projectile, watch the trajectory form, and connect the range, height, and component motion to the launch settings.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Projectile

Gravitational Fields

See how one source mass creates an inward gravitational field, how source mass and distance set the field strength, and how a probe mass turns that field into force without changing the field itself.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Gravity fields

Gravitational Potential and Potential Energy

See one source mass create a negative potential well, compare how potential and potential energy change with distance, and connect the downhill slope of phi to the gravitational field on the same live model.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Gravity potential

Pressure and Hydrostatic Pressure

Use one piston-and-tank bench to connect force per area, pressure acting in all directions, and the way density, gravity, and depth build hydrostatic pressure.

PhysicsFluids

Open Pressure in fluids

Continuity Equation

Keep one steady stream tube on screen and use Q = Av to connect cross-sectional area, flow speed, and the same volume flow rate through narrow and wide sections.

PhysicsFluids

Open Continuity

Bernoulli's Principle

Follow one steady ideal-flow pipe and see how pressure, speed, and height trade within the same Bernoulli budget while continuity keeps the flow-rate story honest.

PhysicsFluids

Open Bernoulli

Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle

Use one immersed-block bench to connect pressure difference, displaced fluid, and the density balance behind floating, sinking, and neutral buoyancy.

PhysicsFluids

Open Buoyancy

Drag and Terminal Velocity

Drop one body through a fluid and use mass, area, and drag strength to see drag grow with speed until force balance settles into terminal velocity.

PhysicsFluids

Open Terminal speed

Temperature and Internal Energy

Compare average particle motion with whole-sample energy, vary amount and heating, and see why a phase-change shelf breaks naive temperature-only reasoning on one compact thermal bench.

PhysicsThermodynamics

Open Temperature vs U

Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory

Connect pressure, volume, temperature, and particle number on one bounded particle box, then read the same pressure changes back as changes in particle speed and wall-collision rate.

PhysicsThermodynamics

Open Ideal gas law

Heat Transfer

See heat as energy transfer driven by temperature difference while conduction, convection, and radiation compete on one compact bench with honest pathway rates.

PhysicsThermodynamics

Open Heat transfer

Specific Heat and Phase Change

See why the same energy pulse changes different materials by different temperature amounts, and why a phase-change shelf can absorb or release energy without changing temperature on one compact thermal bench.

PhysicsThermodynamics

Open Specific heat and phase change

Circular Orbits and Orbital Speed

See why a circular orbit needs the right sideways speed, how gravity supplies the centripetal acceleration, and how source mass and radius together set orbital speed and period on one bounded live model.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Orbital speed

Electric Fields

See how source-charge sign, distance, and superposition set the electric field at one probe, then watch a test charge turn that field into a force without changing the field itself.

PhysicsElectricity

Open E-fields

Kepler's Third Law and Orbital Periods

Compare circular orbits around one source mass and see why larger orbits take longer: the path is longer, the circular speed is lower, and the same live model makes the period law visible without hiding the gravity-speed link.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Orbital periods

Electric Potential

Map how source-charge sign and distance shape electric potential, compare potential differences across one honest scan line, and connect the downhill slope of V to the electric field.

PhysicsElectricity

Open Potential

Escape Velocity

Launch outward from one bounded gravity source and see how source mass, launch radius, and total specific energy decide whether the object escapes or eventually returns.

PhysicsMechanics

Open Escape speed

Basic Circuits

Keep one battery and two resistors in view while current, voltage, resistance, Ohm's law, and the contrast between series and parallel all stay tied to one honest circuit.

PhysicsElectricity

Open Circuits

Light as an Electromagnetic Wave

Connect electromagnetic waves to visible light, color, frequency, and the broader spectrum while one compact stage keeps the spectrum rail, field-pair sketch, and medium-linked wavelength changes tied together.

PhysicsOptics

Open Light and spectrum

Polarization

Use one compact polarizer bench to see polarization as the orientation story of transverse waves, how angle mismatch sets transmitted light, and why one ideal polarizer makes unpolarized light emerge with one chosen axis.

PhysicsOptics

Open Polarization

Power and Energy in Circuits

Keep one source and one resistive load in view while current, power, and accumulated energy over time stay tied to the same honest circuit.

PhysicsElectricity

Open Circuit power

Diffraction

Watch a wave spread after one narrow opening, see why diffraction grows when wavelength competes with slit width, and build the wave-optics bridge toward double-slit interference.

PhysicsOptics

Open Diffraction

Double-Slit Interference

Use two coherent slits and one screen to connect path difference, phase difference, and fringe spacing to wavelength, slit separation, and screen distance on one compact optics bench.

PhysicsOptics

Open Double slit

Refraction / Snell's Law

Watch one light ray cross a boundary, connect refractive index to speed change, and see Snell's law set the refracted angle, bending direction, and critical-angle limit on the same live diagram.

PhysicsOptics

Open Refraction

Series and Parallel Circuits

Switch the same two loads between one loop and two branches, then track how current, voltage, brightness, and charge flow reorganize without changing the battery.

PhysicsElectricity

Open Series / Parallel

Dispersion / Refractive Index and Color

Use one compact thin-prism bench to see how refractive index can depend on wavelength, why different colors bend by different amounts, and how a bounded prism model separates colors without widening into a full spectroscopy subsystem.

PhysicsOptics

Open Dispersion and color

Total Internal Reflection

Push a ray from a higher-index medium toward a lower-index boundary, watch the critical angle emerge, and see the same live diagram hand off from ordinary refraction to full internal reflection.

PhysicsOptics

Open TIR

Equivalent Resistance

Reduce one highlighted resistor group into an equivalent block, then collapse the whole mixed circuit honestly and watch how the total current and grouped behavior change together.

PhysicsElectricity

Open R_eq

Mirrors

Use plane, concave, and convex mirrors to track equal-angle reflection, signed image distance, and magnification on the same live ray diagram.

PhysicsOptics

Open Mirrors

Magnetic Fields

See how current direction, wire spacing, distance, and superposition set the magnetic field around one or two long straight wires, with the stage arrows and scan graphs tied to the same live source pattern.

PhysicsElectromagnetism

Open B-fields

Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law

Track one magnet passing one coil and see how changing magnetic flux linkage creates induced emf while Lenz's law fixes the response direction, with the stage, galvanometer, and graphs all driven by the same bounded motion.

PhysicsElectromagnetism

Open Faraday / Lenz

Maxwell's Equations Synthesis

See what each Maxwell equation says physically, how sources and circulation differ, and why changing electric and magnetic fields together unify electricity, magnetism, and light.

PhysicsElectromagnetism

Open Maxwell synthesis

Electromagnetic Waves

See how changing electric and magnetic fields travel together as one rightward wave, with the local field pair, source-to-probe delay, and propagation cue all tied to the same compact live stage.

PhysicsElectromagnetism

Open EM waves

Magnetic Force on Moving Charges and Currents

Launch one moving charge through a uniform magnetic field, compare it with a same-direction current segment, and connect force direction, curvature, and current-based force on one bounded live stage.

PhysicsElectromagnetism

Open Magnetic force

Lens Imaging

Trace principal rays through converging and diverging lenses, connect the signed thin-lens equation to the diagram, and watch image distance and magnification respond to the same object setup.

PhysicsOptics

Open Lens imaging

Optical Resolution / Imaging Limits

Image two nearby point sources through one finite aperture and see why diffraction, wavelength, and aperture diameter limit how sharply an optical system can separate them.

PhysicsOptics

Open Optical resolution

Photoelectric Effect

Use one compact lamp-to-metal bench to see why light frequency sets electron emission, why intensity alone fails below threshold, and how stopping potential reads the electron energy honestly.

PhysicsModern Physics

Open Photoelectric effect

Atomic Spectra

Link discrete emission and absorption lines to allowed energy-level gaps with one compact ladder-and-spectrum bench that keeps transitions, wavelengths, and mode changes tied together.

PhysicsModern Physics

Open Atomic spectra

de Broglie Matter Waves

Use one compact matter-wave bench to see how particle momentum sets wavelength, why heavier or faster particles get shorter wavelengths, and how whole-number loop fits form a bounded bridge toward early quantum behavior.

PhysicsModern Physics

Open Matter waves

Bohr Model

Use a compact hydrogen bench to connect quantized energy levels, allowed transitions, and named spectral-line series while staying clear that Bohr is a useful historical model rather than the final quantum description.

PhysicsModern Physics

Open Bohr model

Radioactivity and Half-Life

Use one compact decay bench to see why each nucleus decays unpredictably, why large samples still follow a regular half-life curve, and how to read remaining-count graphs honestly.

PhysicsModern Physics

Open Half-life

Math

16 concepts

Graph Transformations

Move one parent curve with honest controls so shifts, vertical scale, and reflections stay tied to the same overlaid graph and landmark points.

MathFunctions

Open Graph transforms

Rational Functions / Asymptotes and Behavior

Vary one shifted reciprocal family so domain breaks, vertical and horizontal asymptotes, intercepts, and removable-hole behavior stay tied to the same graph.

MathFunctions

Open Rational functions

Exponential Change / Growth, Decay, and Logarithms

Change one starting value, one rate, and one target so growth, decay, doubling or half-life, and logarithmic target time all stay tied to the same live curve.

MathFunctions

Open Exponential change

Derivative as Slope / Local Rate of Change

Slide a point along one curve, tighten a secant into a tangent, and connect local steepness to the derivative graph without leaving the same live bench.

MathCalculus

Open Derivative as slope

Limits and Continuity / Approaching a Value

Approach one target point from the left and right, compare the limiting height with the actual function value, and contrast continuous, removable, jump, and blow-up behavior on one honest graph.

MathCalculus

Open Limits and continuity

Optimization / Maxima, Minima, and Constraints

Move one rectangle width under a fixed perimeter, watch the area curve peak, and use the local slope to see why the square is the best constrained shape.

MathCalculus

Open Optimization and constraints

Integral as Accumulation / Area

Move one upper bound across a source curve and watch signed area build into a running total so accumulation stays visual instead of symbolic.

MathCalculus

Open Integral as area

Vectors in 2D

Combine, subtract, and scale vectors on one plane so magnitude, direction, and components stay tied to the same live object.

MathVectors

Open 2D vectors

Matrix Transformations / Stretch, Shear, Reflection

Let one 2 by 2 matrix act on a grid, the basis vectors, and a sample shape so stretch, shear, reflection, and combined plane changes stay visual instead of symbolic-only.

MathVectors

Open Matrix transforms

Dot Product / Angle and Projection

Keep two vectors, their angle, the signed projection of one onto the other, and the dot product visible together so alignment reads geometrically instead of as memorized cases.

MathVectors

Open Dot product

Complex Numbers on the Plane

Read complex numbers as points and vectors on one plane, then keep addition and multiplication geometric instead of symbolic-only.