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內阻與端電壓

模擬載入中

Open Model Lab 正在為這個概念準備即時實驗台、控制項與圖表區。

總結

你學會了甚麼

建議下一步
打開概念測驗不離開這個概念,先確認核心想法是否已經掌握。
接下來讀甚麼
電路中的功率和能量Compare steady load power

關鍵重點

  1. Terminal voltage is the voltage that actually reaches the load, so under load it is V_terminal = E - I r.
  2. A larger current means a larger internal voltage drop and more power wasted inside the source.

常見迷思

If a battery is labeled 12 V, the load must always receive 12 V no matter what is connected to it.

The 12 V label is the emf, not necessarily the terminal voltage under load.

  1. Loop current with internal resistance

    The current is set by the emf and the total loop resistance from both the load and the source.

  2. Terminal voltage

    Terminal voltage is what remains for the load after the internal drop is taken from the emf.

為什麼會這樣

解釋

真實電源可以用理想電動勢加上一個小內阻來近似。負載電流越大,內阻上的壓降越明顯,所以端電壓會低於電動勢。

這個模型把負載、內阻、電流和功率放在同一條迴路中。它的目的不是建立完整電池化學模型,而是讓你看見為甚麼重負載會令可用端電壓下降。

重點

01Current depends on the total loop resistance E / (R + r), not on the load resistance alone.
02Terminal voltage is the voltage that actually reaches the load, so under load it is V_terminal = E - I r.
03A larger current means a larger internal voltage drop and more power wasted inside the source.

例題

Live source checks

想逐步查看同一個概念如何被帶出來時,再打開這些例題。

凍結步驟

逐步查看凍結例題

凍結步驟
Use the exact source and load on screen. The same emf, internal resistance, and load resistance drive the live loop, the readout card, and the response graphs below.

支持者方案會解鎖已儲存學習工具、精確狀態分享,以及支援這條引導流程的更深入複習面板。

查看方案
例題 1 / 2
凍結數值使用凍結參數

For the current non-ideal source and load, what current flows and what terminal voltage does the load actually receive?

Source emf

12 V

Internal resistance

1 ohm

Load resistance

6 ohm

1. Build the full loop resistance

.

2. Use the full loop current rule

.

3. Read the load voltage honestly

.

4. Check the internal drop

The source loses inside itself, so .

Current and terminal voltage

This setup still loses some voltage inside the source, but the terminal voltage remains easy to compare against the emf.

快速測驗

正在載入已保存的測驗狀態。

無障礙

無障礙

當你需要把模擬與圖表轉成文字描述時,再打開這裡。

The simulation shows one battery with emf and one internal resistor on the same top wire, followed by one external load resistor and one return path. Sliders set emf, internal resistance, and load resistance.

Overlays can show current flow, voltage labels, the power split between the load and the source interior, and an ideal-source reference cue. The readout card and both graphs update from the same one-loop source-load model.

圖表摘要

The terminal-response graph sweeps load resistance and shows terminal voltage together with the internal drop on one voltage scale. The power-split graph uses the same sweep to compare power delivered to the load with power lost inside the source.

工作台工具與分享連結

先把穩定概念連結和精確狀態分享收起來,等你真的要重新打開或分享工作台時再展開。

試試這個設定

跳到某個命名好的實驗台狀態,或直接複製你目前正在看的狀態。分享連結會重新打開同一組控制、圖表、疊層與比較脈絡。

已儲存設定

已儲存設定屬於支持者方案學習工具;穩定的概念連結仍會對所有人保留。

正在確認已儲存設定權限

Open Model Lab 正在判斷這個實驗台可否只儲存在本機、同步到帳戶,或打開只限支持者方案的比較工具。

複製目前設定

精準狀態分享屬於支持者方案功能;穩定的概念與段落連結仍然可用。

穩定連結

進度與下一步

把進度訊號、入門路徑接續和複習提示留在頁面裡,但不要讓它們和主要學習流程搶焦點。

進度

正在載入進度

正在為這個瀏覽器或已同步帳戶載入已儲存的概念進度,稍後才會顯示完成狀態。