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重力勢與重力勢能

模擬載入中

Open Model Lab 正在為這個概念準備即時實驗台、控制項與圖表區。

總結

你學會了甚麼

建議下一步
打開概念測驗不離開這個概念,先確認核心想法是否已經掌握。
接下來讀甚麼
Circular Orbits and Orbital SpeedUse the same gravity model to set a circular-orbit speed.

關鍵重點

  1. Gravitational potential is a scalar well depth set by source mass and distance, with zero defined at infinity in this model.
  2. Potential energy is U = m_test phi, so changing only the probe mass changes U without changing the potential well.
  3. Doubling distance halves the magnitude of phi and U for a fixed probe, while the field magnitude falls to one quarter.
  4. The gravitational field points downhill on the potential landscape, matching the negative slope of phi on a scan line.

常見迷思

A negative potential does not mean gravity points outward or disappears. It means the point sits below the zero-at-infinity reference; the field still points downhill toward the source.

勢的正負由參考零點決定;在這裡把無窮遠定為零,所以靠近來源時勢會變成負值。

Read these as one chain: the source sets the potential well, the probe mass converts that well into U, and the field points downhill on the same landscape.

  1. Potential from one source mass

    With zero defined at infinity, the potential from one source mass is negative and becomes more negative as r gets smaller.

  2. Potential energy of the probe mass

    Probe mass turns the source-set potential into potential energy without changing the potential itself.

  3. Field from potential

    The field points downhill on the potential landscape, from higher φ toward lower φ.

為什麼會這樣

解釋

重力勢 φ 描述的是單位質量在某一位置相對於無窮遠零點的勢能。對單一來源質量來説,φ = -GM/r,因此越靠近來源,勢阱越深,而且數值保持為負。

這個頁面把來源質量、探針位置、探針質量、勢圖、等勢圓與場連結圖放在同一個即時模型內。你看到的重力勢、重力勢能和場箭頭,全部都來自同一個來源與幾何設定。

重點

01對單一來源質量而言,重力勢 φ 隨距離按 -1/r 變化,因此距離加倍時,其大小約減半。
02重力勢能 U 由 U = m_test φ 給出,所以在同一位置上改變探針質量只會改變勢能大小,不會改變重力勢本身。
03重力場沿著勢景觀下降最快的方向,水平掃描線上可用 g_x = -dphi/dx 來連線勢圖斜率與場分量。

例題

即時重力勢檢查

想逐步查看同一個概念如何被帶出來時,再打開這些例題。

凍結步驟

逐步查看凍結例題

凍結步驟
直接用畫面上的來源質量、探針位置和探針質量作答。下方代入和影像讀數來自同一個實時狀態。

支持者方案會解鎖已儲存學習工具、精確狀態分享,以及支援這條引導流程的更深入複習面板。

查看方案
例題 1 / 2
凍結數值使用凍結參數

對目前的來源質量和探針位置而言,相對於無窮遠零點,探針處的重力勢是多少?

來源質量

2 kg

探測器 x 軸位置

1.6 m

探測器 y 軸位置

1.2 m

1. 量出來源到探針的距離

From the origin to the probe, .

2. 套用單一來源的重力勢關係

With in the displayed units, .

3. 算出目前重力勢

That gives at the probe.

重力勢

Farther from the source, the potential has risen closer to zero, but it stays negative because zero is defined at infinity in this model.

快速測驗

正在載入已保存的測驗狀態。

無障礙

無障礙

當你需要把模擬與圖表轉成文字描述時,再打開這裡。

The simulation shows one source mass fixed at the origin, a movable positive probe in a bounded two-dimensional gravity well, and optional overlays for the potential map, equal-potential contour circles, equal-distance rings, the local field arrow, the force arrow on the probe, and the horizontal scan line used by the graphs.

Dragging the probe changes the sampled location directly on the stage. The same location is used by the readout and the graph cursor, so the map, the arrows, and the graphs always describe the same point.

Very near the source mass, the display uses a minimum sampling radius so the well depth, arrows, and graphs stay finite and readable. This keeps the visualization bounded while preserving the correct trend that potential becomes more negative and the field grows rapidly near the source.

圖表摘要

The potential-energy-scan graph plots gravitational potential and the chosen probe's potential energy along the current horizontal scan line. Hovering the graph previews the same x-location on the stage.

The field-link graph plots the horizontal gravitational field component and the matching negative slope of the potential graph along that same scan line. Changing the probe mass rescales the energy curve, but the field-link graph remains a source-mass and geometry readout.

工作台工具與分享連結

先把穩定概念連結和精確狀態分享收起來,等你真的要重新打開或分享工作台時再展開。

試試這個設定

跳到某個命名好的實驗台狀態,或直接複製你目前正在看的狀態。分享連結會重新打開同一組控制、圖表、疊層與比較脈絡。

目前實驗台

基準斜向位置 預設場景

這個實驗台目前顯示的是其中一個概念作者預設場景。

打開預設實驗台

已儲存設定

已儲存設定屬於支持者方案學習工具;穩定的概念連結仍會對所有人保留。

正在確認已儲存設定權限

Open Model Lab 正在判斷這個實驗台可否只儲存在本機、同步到帳戶,或打開只限支持者方案的比較工具。

複製目前設定

精準狀態分享屬於支持者方案功能;穩定的概念與段落連結仍然可用。

穩定連結

進度與下一步

把進度訊號、入門路徑接續和複習提示留在頁面裡,但不要讓它們和主要學習流程搶焦點。

進度

正在載入進度

正在為這個瀏覽器或已同步帳戶載入已儲存的概念進度,稍後才會顯示完成狀態。

入門路徑

第 2 / 5 步

重力與軌道

重力勢與重力勢能 在這條路徑中屬於較後面的步驟,所以先由起點開始會較清楚。

上一個步驟:重力場